Ethics of Competitive Intelligence

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Ethics

Of

Competitive Intelligence

By

Ziaullah Mirza

Online Publication 2011 (Part 1)

 Basics of Competitive Intelligence

Competitive intelligence is the art of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, individuals, concepts, information, ideas or data needed to support executives and managers in making strategic decisions for an organization. Includes a broad array from government intelligence to market intelligence to business intelligence.

Competitor Intelligence can include competitor analysis, knowledge management, market research and business strategy and business research.

Competitor Intelligence can be used as an everyday business tool to analyze stocks or look for weaknesses in your competitor.

Competitor Intelligence can be used for everyday consumer activities such as comparing renter’s insurance plans to buying motorcycle insurance.

Before You Do Competitive Intelligence On A Competitor – Practice On Yourself.

10 Ways To Find How Much Traffic / Business Your Competitor is Getting – Using the Internet For Competitive Intelligence.

Ever wonder how that competitor of yours is doing? Curious about how you can find out how much traffic or how many orders they receive?

You can use the internet to perform competitive intelligence on your competitors, and then take that information and use it to improve your site. By using these existing online Internet tools and social engineering queries, you can find out how much business your competitors is earning.

“Before you can run these competitive analysis tests on your competitors, try running this on yourself or your company or your own site first”

If you are thinking about starting a business, you can “Test” the business by estimating how well you might do.

As a side note, the best way to test this is to try these techniques on your site to see if your competitors can determine how much business you are doing.

Let’s start with the easiest methods and work upwards:

1. Stat Counter: See if they have a visible stat counter – visit every day for a week and see how the counter changes. Then visit it weekly to watch for changes such as spikes around Christmas, or if there is a news story related to your industry, if that results in more traffic.

2. Order Something: Another way to get competitive intelligence on a competitor is to order something small and see what the invoice number is, then go back and order a week later and see how that invoice number changed. Repeat as often as your curiosity and bank balance allows you to.

3. Check Alexa Ranking: Alexa is a service that estimates traffic based on visitors to various sites using the Alexa toolbar. From the Alexa site, it says;

“How are Alexa’s traffic rankings determined? Alexa’s traffic rankings are based on the usage patterns of Alexa Toolbar users over a rolling 3 month period. A site’s ranking is based on a combined measure of reach and page views. Reach is determined by the number of unique Alexa users who visit a site on a given day. Page views are the total number of Alexa user URL requests for a site. However, multiple requests for the same URL on the same day by the same user are counted as a single page view. The site with the highest combination of users and page views is ranked #1.

Alexa’s traffic rankings are for top level domains only (e.g. domain.com). We do not provide separate rankings for subpages within a domain (e.g. www.domain.com/subpage.html) or subdomains (e.g. subdomain.domain.com) unless we are able to automatically identify them as personal home pages or blogs, like those hosted on Geocities and Tripod. If a site is identified as a personal home page or blog, its traffic ranking will have an asterisk (*) next to it: Personal Page Avg. Traffic Rank: 3,456*. Personal pages are ranked on the same scale as a regular domain, so a personal page ranked 3,456* is the 3,456th most popular page among Alexa users.

4. Check Statbrain: Statbrain is another service to estimate the amount of traffic to a site. They say,”How accurate is Statbrain? Statbrain estimates the number of visits that a website has based on offsite factors like backlinks, Alexa Rank etc. Statbrain does not have access to log files or any counter information. The number
of visits that Statbrain estimates gives you an idea of the number of visits that a website has, but not the exact visitor number.”

I have tested it against some of my sites and I would say it is in the ballpark.

5. Yahoo Search: Use Yahoo Search to determine who links to a particular site

In the search box enter EACH of the following permutations, as even though they appear the same, they may produce different results

http://www.DomainName.com

http://DomainName.com

DomainName.com
link:http://DomainName.com
link:http://www.DomainName.com
link:DomainName.com
“http://www.DomainName.com” with the quote marks
“www.DomainName.com” with the quote marks
“DomainName.com” with the quote marks

Please note, that some of the above searches will return zero results, while others may return thousands of results.

6. Google Search:  Use Google Search to determine who links to a particular site

In the search box enter EACH of the following permutations, as even though they appear the same, they may produce different results

http://www.DomainName.com

http://DomainName.com

DomainName.com
link:http://DomainName.com
link:http://www.DomainName.com
link:DomainName.com
“http://www.DomainName.com” with the quote marks
“www.DomainName.com” with the quote marks
“DomainName.com” with the quote marks

Please note, that some of the above searches will return zero results, while others may return thousands of results.

7. WhoLinks2Me: Use online link analysis resources to analyze competitors links.
Try WhoLinks2Me

8. Social Engineering Look-Ups: Try “social engineering look-ups” and try and guess the admin
page for the competitors stat program

domainname.com/logs.htm
domainname.com/logs.html
domainname.com/stats.html
domainname.com/stats/
domainname.com/admin/
domainname.com/logs/

… not all these work, but you get the idea.

9. Social Engineering Searchers: Try “social engineering searches” ie

“domainname.com” +logs
“domainname.com” +stats
“domainname.com” +”number of visitors”
“domainname.com “+visitors

… not all these work, but you get the idea.

10. HTML: Try peeking at the HTML

Do a view source and see if you can see a reference to a stat counter. Usually you can find the code for a stat program right before the closing body HTML code, ie /body

Some times domains use free stats counters I just randomly searched and found http://touchngo.com/stats/camyesterday.htm you can see their stats.

An Overview of Competitive Intelligence

Competitive intelligence has undergone a groundswell of interest in recent years, an interest in part fueled by an increasing availability of information itself (the much-touted information explosion) and an increase reflected in the proliferation of commercial databases world-wide. What else is driving this growth? 

In purely competitive terms, no time before ours has presented so many opportunities or dangers. The recent changes in Eastern Bloc nations and the dawning of a unified Europe call for American corporations that can compete that operate at the edge of their knowledge and capabilities. European and Japanese companies have grown to hold a dominant position in U.S. patents over the past twenty years. Japanese firms are using our universities as a competitive tool by funding programs and research. In 1989 West Germany's world exports exceeded ours, as well as those of other developed nations. Even with its inevitable social and economic dislocations, a united Germany will be force to be reckoned with.

Given this changing scene, competitive intelligence is an activity of increasing importance. Whether the need is for knowledge of an industry, a market, a product or a competitor, reliable global information is central to our national success. As Frederick the Great said, "It is pardonable to be defeated, but never to be surprised. With today's information resources, and a CI program that reflects the needs of the corporation, surprises can be minimized.

But this is a book about the process and resources of competitive intelligence, not about the electronic transformation of information itself. It may well be that the electronic manipulation and storage of information will have the effect on our times that the invention of the movable-type printing press exerted on fifteenth-century Europe. For the first time in history, books and the literate population needed to read them came together. In much the same way, access to an increasing world of information empowers the modern corporation to understand itself and its markets more completely than ever before.

Competitive Intelligence Definitions

We like to think of competitive intelligence as the selection, collection, interpretation and distribution of publicly-held information that has strategic importance. Needless to say, there are other definitions of competitive intelligence. Here is a sampling.

Business intelligence [an alternate term for competitive intelligence] is the activity of monitoring the environment external to the firm for information that is relevant for the decision-making process of the company. [1]

Competitor intelligence is the analytical process that transforms disaggregated competitor intelligence into relevant, accurate and usable strategic knowledge about competitors, position, performance, capabilities and intentions. [2]

Competitive intelligence is a way of thinking. [3]

CI uses public sources to locate and develop information on competition and competitors. [4]

Competitor intelligence is "highly specific and timely information about a corporation. [5]

The objective of competitor intelligence is not to steal a competitor,s trade secrets or other proprietary property, but rather to gather in a systematic, overt (i.e., legal) manner a wide range of information that when collated and analyzed provides a fuller understanding of a competitor firm's structure, culture, behavior, capabilities and weaknesses. [6]

But definitions, to paraphrase Samuel Johnson, are like watches and none is ever exactly correct. True, we do competitive intelligence openly, but we would rather the target company be kept in the dark. (Surprise is no small thing in competition.) True, we usually digest, analyze and arrange the materials in our reports, but sometimes, as in a database search that lays out production figures for ten years in report format on a certain product, analysis and digestion may simply be gilding the lily. The heart of the matter is sometimes just in the raw numbers or facts. True, we may sometimes need a wide range of material on a broad span of corporate functions, but sometimes a very focused and narrow bit of information is what is required. (What kind of machinery are they using in that plant?) And it is true that we only use publicly-accessible information, but sometimes our client would like to know the color of the CEO's shorts, and forgive us, but we'd like to answer that question for our client too. Sometimes, somehow, the color of those shorts becomes known.

Does corporate competitive intelligence bear any resemblance to the intelligence work done by the CIA, or in John le Carré novels? It is ridiculous to deny that there are similarities. To the extent that both require probing the environment for information that could hurt or help the client organization, yes, they are alike. In both cases, whether working for a corporation or for the government, the chase for information is interesting and exciting, as is getting "the goods for the client. Both require the selection, collection, interpretation and distribution of information. But beyond this, similarities fade. Projects in CI can sometimes feel as if they were life-and-death matters, but they are not. Not really. The CIA and other government intelligence agencies have been known to work outside of the law. Corporate competitive- or business-intelligence does not operate this way.

Competitive intelligence has nothing to do with espionage!

CI, as we will discuss it here, does not use illicit or illegal methods to accomplish its goals.

Some common goals of competitive intelligence:

• Detecting competitive threats
• Eliminating or lessening surprises
• Enhancing competitive advantage by lessening reaction time
• Finding new opportunities

Competitive intelligence has such a broad scope it can use information related to almost any product or activity, or information on recent industry trends or issues (packaging companies track changes in environmental regulations constantly), or word about geopolitical trends (e. g., today 30% of all business aircraft are sold to Pacific Basin companies). CI can be driven by something as seemingly mundane as the need for a biographical profile of a newly appointed corporate executive, or something as important as the news that a steel competitor is making major investments on R&D in ceramics and electronics. It might even be the suspicion that a future competitor in an unrelated industry will soon threaten the corporation through new technology.

A future competitor of the Royal Typewriter Company was introduced by a couple of young men, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, ingeniously soldering a collection of micro-chips, wires and a cathode-ray-tube into a sort of jungle-gym computer in their California garage. What came of this homely tinkering was the Apple Computer. Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak's work on the home computer started an industry, an industry that was to reshape the typewriter business, and a lot of other businesses as well, in profound ways over the years that followed. (Later, when IBM decided that Apple had defined a market for their PC, following Apple's lead definitively changed IBM's business.) A future technological threat to the vacuum tube was the micro-chip, and a future competitor to the buggy-whip business was Henry Ford's automobile. One question is, if they are in unrelated industries, how do you find them before it's too late?

Some of these future competitors will bob to the surface, where good management with sound competitive analysis can spot them in time, and steer around them; others will ride in like an iceberg, silent, with 90% of their mass below the waterline where it can do the most damage. In some cases, vision and the ability to see what is coming are of little use. "Let's not worry about it, those little cars aren't what Americans want to buy," is an instance of Detroit's sighting the competitive iceberg back in the 1960s and not reacting for thirty years. It is quite possible that Detroit auto manufacturers will never be able to compete with the quality being built into Japanese and European cars. One commentator observed that the institutional personality of the Detroit auto manufacturers is so pervasive and strong that the only way it may be able to change its ways is to move to another part of the country. "Send a bright young person full of new ideas to Detroit and within six months he or she will be thinking and talking the party line. These are good American cars, and just what our customer wants."

Japanese camera manufacturers have recently introduced cameras using magnetic media, rather than photosensitive film. (Photographs captured digitally are viewed on video monitors (TV), a factor slide projector manufacturers should have identified some time ago, and should have included in their systematic competitor scans, along with the products of competing slide-projector producers.) Eastman Kodak will easily be able to provide magnetic storage disks for these cameras, as will Fuji, 3M and a host of other manufacturers, but may eventually ship its slide projectors primarily to the Smithsonian, where they will be viewed only as curiosities. Eastman Kodak may or may not want to compete in video monitors (the replacement technology for the slide viewer and slide projector) against Sony, Panasonic and a host of other foreign entrenched electronics manufacturers. Much of the technology and production capacity for home electronics appears to have been lost to Japan and the Pacific Basin. Such capacity may have been permanently lost to the U.S., unless current research on digital HD (High Definition) TV provides us with new access to the consumer electronics marketplace. 

Not every company, no matter how large and powerful, properly understands the nature of its own business, or its customer base. Nor does every company or division always understand or act in its own best interests. Without the vision empowered by such an understanding, no amount of CI will help forestall the inevitable. Without such an understanding, threats cannot be seen for what they are, if they can be seen at all. In important ways competitive intelligence is about exactly this; about perceiving threats, and ways of getting at the information you need once the threat is somehow perceived.

Who Does Competitive Intelligence?

Those working in CI range from public, legal or corporate librarians and information center analysts to management personnel, specialists in financial data, business-development people and strategic planners to ex-CIA operatives and retired military intelligence personnel, information specialists and academicians. (One of the authors of this book, John Moorhead, is a former U.S. Naval Intelligence Officer.) Many corporate practitioners, according to a survey done by the Conference Board, are marketing directors or marketing research managers. It seems that at this point in CI's evolutionary progress, to quote Lawrence of Arabia, "nothing is written."

Outside agencies that perform competitor intelligence work run the gamut from certain public relations firms and the consulting arms of CPA firms to young companies devoted to competitor analysis and industrial research.

Competitive intelligence has only recently emerged as a distinctive field of endeavor. Only one association, the recently-formed Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, now exists to serve this field directly, but a number of others, such as the Information Industry Association, the Planning Forum and perhaps even the American Marketing Association and the Special Library Association serve some related interests and over-lapping information needs.

Every discipline, no matter how ancient or recent, has schools of thought, gurus, cherished beliefs, taboos, and so forth. Newer ones simply have less baggage. Gurus, or authors of key works, will be covered in a later chapter. The taboo against using non-legitimate information resources we've already talked about. There is also a commandment to be ethical in the pursuit of information. At the practitioner, or "schools-of-thought level", three recognizable groups of CI specialists stand out.

The first group holds that interpretation and analysis are the essential activities in CI. "It is clearly possible", as a professor of statistical measurement once said, "to lie with numbers, but it is much easier to lie without them." The question here is, do our tools of analysis have validity and reliability, and what is the device or matrix that will most easily communicate the complexities of an industry or a corporate position relative to its peer corporations? 

The second group holds that the hunting, gathering and location of reliable information is the essential activity. The question here is how to keep abreast of the proliferation of databases, hardcopy resources (books, magazines and reports), and how to keep abreast of the procedures to get at non-published information. (Locating and requesting a document or a government filing record requires some finesse, even when one is being open and ethical.)

A third group believes that the gathering of valid/reliable information and the analyzing of it are equally important. If one of these two activities is weak or impaired, the other will probably be flawed.

It's understood that raw information or data dumps have limited usefulness, and are not usually a product that is given to the client. Data and nearly any type of information usually needs to be integrated and analyzed into a document that is well organized and that can easily be read and interpreted. Graphs, tables and charts are often useful communication aids.

At the same time, if one does not know the kinds of information than can be found during the hunting and gathering process (either electronically or in hard copy) one cannot ask the right questions. For example, PIERS, a Journal of Commerce database (begun over 100 years ago) with import/export data now available on the DIALOG database gateway service, allows the researcher to track the movement of export/import materials from one company location to another company location abroad. Only knowing about this resource would lead a manager to ask, (in a legitimate, legal world) "what products or materials have been shipped to X company in the past year?"

If management can't be expected to ask the right questions about the competitive environment without understanding the forms of information that shape that environment, what does this mean to CI?

It means campaigns and programs to inform and educate management... a corporate management that has taken the right first step in setting up a CI function, but who now need to understand what kinds of information can be found. Without such proselytizing, at minimum, competitive intelligence will be underutilized; at worst the CI program will die an untimely and unwarranted death.

 

 

 

 

End of Chapter 1

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Footnotes

[1] Benjamin and Tamar Gilad
The Business Intelligence System
New York, AMACOM, 1988, p. viii 

[2]Seminar guide
The Competitor Intelligence Group
division of Kirk Tyson Associates, Ltd., 1986, p. III-11 

[3] William Rothschild
How to Gain (and Maintain) the Competitive Advantage in Business
New York, McGraw Hill, 1984, p. 179 

[4] John J. McGonagle, Jr. and Carolyn M. Vella
Outsmarting the Competition
Naperville, IL, Sourcebooks, 1990, p. viii 

[5] Leonard Fuld
Competitor Intelligence: How to Get It; How to Use It
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1985, p.5 

[6] William L. Sammon, et al.
Business Competitor Intelligence
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1985, p. 62

FAQ can be sent at ziaullah699@live.com